04:29
Ganesh
1. Create 4 users as below
a. Ravi with the default properties
b. Sunil whose primary group is sales
c. Tom whose primary group is sales
d. Rani whose secondary group is sales
2. Create a partition and mount it with users and group quotas enabled.
3. Apply quotas to the user Ravi and the group sales and check.
Create a Group
Example:- To create a group called as sales
[root@test119 ~]# groupadd sales
Create the Users
Example:- Create users and add some to sales group
[root@test119 ~]# useradd ravi
[root@test119 ~]# useradd -g sales sunil
[root@test119 ~]# useradd -g sales tom
[root@test119 ~]# useradd -G sales tom
[root@test119 ~]# useradd -G sales rani
Create Partition using fdisk
Command:-
[root@test119 ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 40.0 GB, 40016019456 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4865 cylinders, total 78156288 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xae04ae04
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 4196351 2097152 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 4196352 20678655 8241152 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 20678656 31016959 5169152 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 31016960 78155775 23569408 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 31021056 41357311 5168128 83 Linux
/dev/sda6 41359360 47798271 3219456 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda7 47800320 54042623 3121152 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 54044672 58238975 2097152 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
First sector (31019008-78155775, default 31019008): +100M
Value out of range.
First sector (31019008-78155775, default 31019008):
Using default value 31019008
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (31019008-31021055, default 31021055):
Using default value 31021055
Check if the new Partition has been created
[root@test119 ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 40.0 GB, 40016019456 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4865 cylinders, total 78156288 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xae04ae04
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 4196351 2097152 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 4196352 20678655 8241152 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 20678656 31016959 5169152 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 31016960 78155775 23569408 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 31021056 41357311 5168128 83 Linux
/dev/sda6 41359360 47798271 3219456 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda7 47800320 54042623 3121152 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 54044672 58238975 2097152 83 Linux
/dev/sda9 31019008 31021055 1024 83 Linux
Partition table entries are not in disk order
Note:- Here i dont have free space in My Hard Disk. So i was took default space.
Saving the Partitions
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
To update the kernal without restarting the system
Command:
[root@test119 ~]# partprobe /dev/sda
Format the Partition in Linux
[root@test119 ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda9
Mounting the Partition with user and group quotas enabled
Syntax:
mount <option> <arguments> <partition name> <mount poin dir>
Example:- To Mount the 9th Partition on a directory /mntpoint with user and group quotas enabled
[root@test119 ~]# mkdir /mntpoint
[root@test119 ~]# mount -o usrquota,grpquota /dev/sda9 /mntpoint/
To view mounted partitions
command:-
[root@test119 ~]# mount
/dev/sda8 on / type ext4 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0")
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw)
/dev/sda3 on /home type ext4 (rw)
/dev/sda5 on /opt type ext4 (rw)
/dev/sda2 on /usr type ext4 (rw)
/dev/sda7 on /var type ext4 (rw)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw)
/dev/sda9 on /mntpoint type ext2 (rw,usrquota,grpquota)
Apply full permissions on the mount point
Example:-
[root@test119 ~]# chmod 777 /mntpoint
Create the quota database files
Syntax:-
[root@localhost~]# quotacheck <options> <mount point>
Options:
-c create -g -- group
-u -- user -v -- verbose
Example:-
[root@test119 ~]# quotacheck -cugv /mntpoint/
Check if the quota database file aquota.group and aquota.user has been created
[root@test119 ~]# ls /mntpoint/
aquota.group aquota.user lost+found
Check the quota status
Syntax:-
[root@localhost~]# quotaon <options> <partition>
Example:
[root@test119 ~]# quotaon -p /dev/sda9
group quota on /mntpoint (/dev/sda9) is off
user quota on /mntpoint (/dev/sda9) is off
Turn on Quotas:
[root@test119 ~]# quotaon /dev/sda9
To check the status
[root@test119 ~]# quotaon -p /dev/sda9
group quota on /mntpoint (/dev/sda9) is on
user quota on /mntpoint (/dev/sda9) is on
Apply Quota for the users:
Example:- User ravi can create 5 files or directories after which he gets a warning message and he should not be allowed to create more than 7 files or directories
[root@test119 ~]# edquota -u ravi
Disk quotas for user ravi (uid 502):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/sda9 0 0 0 0 5 7
:wq!
To check
Example:
[root@test119 ~]# su - ravi
[ravi@test119 ~]$ cd /mntpoint/
[ravi@test119 mntpoint]$ touch file1 file2 file3 file4 file5
[ravi@test119 mntpoint]$ touch file6
[ravi@test119 mntpoint]$ touch file7
[ravi@test119 mntpoint]$ touch file8
touch: cannot touch `file8': Disk quota exceeded
[ravi@test119 mntpoint]$ ls
aquota.group aquota.user file1 file2 file3 file4 file5 file6 file7 lost+found
a. Ravi with the default properties
b. Sunil whose primary group is sales
c. Tom whose primary group is sales
d. Rani whose secondary group is sales
2. Create a partition and mount it with users and group quotas enabled.
3. Apply quotas to the user Ravi and the group sales and check.
Create a Group
Example:- To create a group called as sales
[root@test119 ~]# groupadd sales
Create the Users
Example:- Create users and add some to sales group
[root@test119 ~]# useradd ravi
[root@test119 ~]# useradd -g sales sunil
[root@test119 ~]# useradd -g sales tom
[root@test119 ~]# useradd -G sales tom
[root@test119 ~]# useradd -G sales rani
Create Partition using fdisk
Command:-
[root@test119 ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 40.0 GB, 40016019456 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4865 cylinders, total 78156288 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xae04ae04
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 4196351 2097152 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 4196352 20678655 8241152 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 20678656 31016959 5169152 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 31016960 78155775 23569408 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 31021056 41357311 5168128 83 Linux
/dev/sda6 41359360 47798271 3219456 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda7 47800320 54042623 3121152 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 54044672 58238975 2097152 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
First sector (31019008-78155775, default 31019008): +100M
Value out of range.
First sector (31019008-78155775, default 31019008):
Using default value 31019008
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (31019008-31021055, default 31021055):
Using default value 31021055
Check if the new Partition has been created
[root@test119 ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 40.0 GB, 40016019456 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4865 cylinders, total 78156288 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xae04ae04
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 4196351 2097152 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 4196352 20678655 8241152 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 20678656 31016959 5169152 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 31016960 78155775 23569408 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 31021056 41357311 5168128 83 Linux
/dev/sda6 41359360 47798271 3219456 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda7 47800320 54042623 3121152 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 54044672 58238975 2097152 83 Linux
/dev/sda9 31019008 31021055 1024 83 Linux
Partition table entries are not in disk order
Note:- Here i dont have free space in My Hard Disk. So i was took default space.
Saving the Partitions
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
To update the kernal without restarting the system
Command:
[root@test119 ~]# partprobe /dev/sda
Format the Partition in Linux
[root@test119 ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda9
Mounting the Partition with user and group quotas enabled
Syntax:
mount <option> <arguments> <partition name> <mount poin dir>
Example:- To Mount the 9th Partition on a directory /mntpoint with user and group quotas enabled
[root@test119 ~]# mkdir /mntpoint
[root@test119 ~]# mount -o usrquota,grpquota /dev/sda9 /mntpoint/
To view mounted partitions
command:-
[root@test119 ~]# mount
/dev/sda8 on / type ext4 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0")
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw)
/dev/sda3 on /home type ext4 (rw)
/dev/sda5 on /opt type ext4 (rw)
/dev/sda2 on /usr type ext4 (rw)
/dev/sda7 on /var type ext4 (rw)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw)
/dev/sda9 on /mntpoint type ext2 (rw,usrquota,grpquota)
Apply full permissions on the mount point
Example:-
[root@test119 ~]# chmod 777 /mntpoint
Create the quota database files
Syntax:-
[root@localhost~]# quotacheck <options> <mount point>
Options:
-c create -g -- group
-u -- user -v -- verbose
Example:-
[root@test119 ~]# quotacheck -cugv /mntpoint/
Check if the quota database file aquota.group and aquota.user has been created
[root@test119 ~]# ls /mntpoint/
aquota.group aquota.user lost+found
Check the quota status
Syntax:-
[root@localhost~]# quotaon <options> <partition>
Example:
[root@test119 ~]# quotaon -p /dev/sda9
group quota on /mntpoint (/dev/sda9) is off
user quota on /mntpoint (/dev/sda9) is off
Turn on Quotas:
[root@test119 ~]# quotaon /dev/sda9
To check the status
[root@test119 ~]# quotaon -p /dev/sda9
group quota on /mntpoint (/dev/sda9) is on
user quota on /mntpoint (/dev/sda9) is on
Apply Quota for the users:
Example:- User ravi can create 5 files or directories after which he gets a warning message and he should not be allowed to create more than 7 files or directories
[root@test119 ~]# edquota -u ravi
Disk quotas for user ravi (uid 502):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/sda9 0 0 0 0 5 7
:wq!
To check
Example:
[root@test119 ~]# su - ravi
[ravi@test119 ~]$ cd /mntpoint/
[ravi@test119 mntpoint]$ touch file1 file2 file3 file4 file5
[ravi@test119 mntpoint]$ touch file6
[ravi@test119 mntpoint]$ touch file7
[ravi@test119 mntpoint]$ touch file8
touch: cannot touch `file8': Disk quota exceeded
[ravi@test119 mntpoint]$ ls
aquota.group aquota.user file1 file2 file3 file4 file5 file6 file7 lost+found
